SpEL Cheat Sheet

Expressions and types

Expressions used in Nussknacker are primarily written using SpEL (Spring Expression language) - simple, yet powerful expression language. SpEL is based on Java (reference documentation), but no prior Java knowledge is needed to use it.

The easiest way to learn SpEL is looking at examples which are further down this page. Some attention should be paid to data types, described in more detail in the next section, as depending on the context in which data are processed or displayed, different data type schemes are in use.

Check out SpEL overview for the overview of how SpEL is used by Nussknacker.

Data types and structures

The data types are used primarily for:

• validation - e.g. to detect attempt to use incorrect data type, for example numeric field instead of a string, or checking if field used in expression exists at all.
• code completion - suggestions appearing in UI when editing expressions.

Types of events in the Kafka streams or data returned by enrichers can be often discovered from some sort of schema registry, for example Confluent Schema Registry, SQL table schema or description of REST API. Nussknacker can also infer types of variables defined by user.

The data types used in the execution engine, SpEL expressions and data structures are Java based. These are also the data type names that appear in code completion hints. In most cases Nussknacker can automatically convert between Java data types and JSON and Avro formats. JSON will be used for REST API enrichers, while AVRO should be first choice for format of Kafka messages. The rules Nussknacker uses to convert between different data type systems can be found here - in most cases this information will not be needed during scenario authoring.

Below is the list of the most common data types. In Java types column package names are omitted for brevity, they are usually java.lang (primitives), java.util (List, Map) and java.time

Basic (primitive data types)

Java type	Comment
null
String	UTF-8
Boolean
Integer	32bit
Long	64bit
Float	single precision
Double	double precision
BigDecimal	enable computation without rounding errors
UUID	uuid

More information about how to declare each type in Avro is in Avro documentation, especially about Avro logical types.

Records/objects/maps

In Nussknacker, the following data types share common processing characteristics:

• object in JSON
• record or map in Avro
• Map and POJO in Java

In many cases Nussknacker can convert between them automatically. For the user, the most significant difference is (using Avro terminology) between record and map. Both can describe following JSON structure:

input = { name: 'John', surname: 'Doe'}

The main difference is that in case of record Nussknacker "knows" which fields (name and surname) are available and suggests and validates fields and their types. For example, #input.name is valid, while #input.noname or #input.name > 0 as field name or type do not match.

On the other hand, map describes "generic" structure - Nussknacker tacitly assumes it can contain any field, but only of certain type (e.g. we can have a "map of Strings", "map of Integers" etc. If this type is Unknown the values might be of any type).

Nussknacker usually infers structure of record from external source (e.g. Avro schema), but it can also detect it from map literals.

Arrays/lists

In Nussknacker (e.g. in code completion) JSON / Avro arrays are referred to as Lists; also in some context Collection can be met (it's Java API for handling lists, sets etc.).

Date/Time

See Handling data/time for detailed description of how to deal with date and time in Nussknacker.

SpEL syntax

Basics

Most of the literals are similar to JSON ones, in fact in many cases JSON structure is valid SpEL. There are a few notable exceptions:

• Lists are written using curly braces: {"firstElement", "secondElement"}, as [] is used to access elements in array
• Strings can be quoted with either ' or "
• Field names in records do not to be quoted (e.g. {name: "John"} is valid SpEL, but not valid JSON)

Expression	Result	Type
'Hello World'	"Hello World"	String
true	true	Boolean
null	null	Null
{}	an empty list	List[Unknown]
{1,2,3,4}	a list of integers from 1 to 4	List[Integer]
{:}	an empty record	Record{}
{john:300, alex:400}	a record (name-value collection)	Record{alex: Integer(400), john: Integer(300)}
#input	variable
'AA' + 'BB'	"AABB"	String

Arithmetic Operators

The +, -, * arithmetic operators work as expected.

Operator	Equivalent symbolic operator	Example expression	Result
div	/	7 div 2	3
div	/	7.0 div 2	2.3333333333
mod	%	23 mod 7	2

Conditional Operators

Expression	Result	Type
2 == 2	true	Boolean
2 > 1	true	Boolean
true AND false	false	Boolean
true && false	false	Boolean
true OR false	true	Boolean
true || false	true	Boolean
2 > 1 ? 'a' : 'b'	"a"	String
2 < 1 ? 'a' : 'b'	"b"	String
#nonNullVar == null ? 'Unknown' : 'Success'	"Success"	String
#nullVar == null ? 'Unknown' : 'Success'	"Unknown"	String
#nullVar?:'Unknown'	"Unknown"	String
'john'?:'Unknown'	"john"	String

Relational operators

Operator	Equivalent symbolic operator	Example expression	Result
lt	<	3 lt 5	true
gt	>	4 gt 4	false
le	<=	3 le 5	true
ge	>=	4 ge 4	true
eq	==	3 eq 3	true
ne	!=	4 ne 2	true
not	!	not true	false

Strings operators

Expression	Result	Type
'AA' + 'BB'	"AABB"	String

Method invocations

As Nussknacker uses Java types, some objects are more than data containers - there are additional methods that can be invoked on them. Method parameters are passed in parentheses, usually parameter details are shown in code completion hints.

Expression	Result	Type
'someValue'.substring(4)	"Value"	String
'someValue'.length()	9	Integer

Accessing elements of a list or a record

Expression	Result	Type
{1,2,3,4}[0]	1	Integer
{jan:300, alex:400}[alex]	a value of field 'alex', which is 400	Integer
{jan:300, alex:400}['alex']	400	Integer
{jan:{age:24}}, alex:{age: 30}}}['alex']['age']	30	Integer
{foo: 1L, bar: 2L, tar: 3L}.?[#this.key == "foo" OR #this.value > 2L]	{'tar': 3, 'foo': 1}	Map[String, Long]

Attempting to access non-present elements will cause exceptions. For lists, they are thrown in runtime and for records they occur before deployment of a scenario during expression validation.

Expression	Error
{1,2,3,4}[4]	Runtime error: Index out of bounds
{jan:300, alex:400}['anna']	Compilation error: No property 'anna' in record

Filtering lists

Special variable #this is used to operate on single element of list. Filtering all the elements uses a syntax of .?. In addition to filtering all the elements, you can retrieve only the first or the last value. To obtain the first element matching the predicate, the syntax is .^. To obtain the last matching element, the syntax is .$.

Expression	Result	Type
{1,2,3,4}.?[#this ge 3]	{3, 4}	List[Integer]
#usersList.?[#this.firstName == 'john']	{'john doe'}	List[String]
{1,2,3,4}.^[#this ge 3]	{3}	Integer
{1,2,3,4}.$[#this ge 3]	{4}	Integer

Transforming lists

Special variable #this is used to operate on single element of list.

Examples below assume following structure:

listOfPersons: List[Person]
person1 = name: "Alex"; age: 42
person2 = name: "John"; age: 24
listOfPersons = {person1, person2}

Expression	Result	Type
{1,2,3,4}.![#this * 2]	{2, 4, 6, 8}	List[Integer]
#listOfPersons.![#this.name]	{'Alex', 'John'}	List[String]
#listOfPersons.![#this.age]	{42, 24}	List[Integer]
#listOfPersons.![7]	{7, 7}	List[Integer]

For other operations on lists, please see the #COLLECTION helper.

Safe navigation

When you access nested structure, you have to take care of null fields, otherwise you'll end up with error. SpEL provides helpful safe navigation operator, it's basically shorthand for conditional operator: #someVar?.b means #someVar != null ? #someVar.b : null

Expression	#var value	Result	Type
#var.foo	{foo: 5}	5	Integer
#var.foo	null	java.lang.NullPointerException	java.lang.NullPointerException
#var?.foo	{foo: 5}	5	Integer
#var?.foo	null	null	Null

Invoking static methods

It is possible to invoke Java static methods directly with SpEL. Nussknacker can prevent invocations of some of them due to security reasons. Invoking static methods is an advanced functionality, which can lead to incomprehensible expressions, also code completions will not work with many of them. If you need to invoke the same method in many places, probably the best solution is to create additional helper.

Expression	Result	Type
T(java.lang.Math).PI	3.14159..	Double

Chaining with dot

Expression	Result	Type
{1, 2, 3, 4}.?[#this > 1].![#this > 2 ? #this * 2 : #this]	{2, 6, 8}	Double

Type conversions

It is possible to convert from a type to another type and this can be done by implicit and explicit conversion.

Implicit conversion

SpEL has many built-in implicit conversions that are available also in Nussknacker. Mostly conversions between various numeric types and between String and some useful logical value types. Implicit conversion means that when finding the "input value" of type "input type" (see the table below) in the context where "target type" is expected, Nussknacker will try to convert the type of the "input value" to the "target type". Some examples:

Input value	Input type	Conversion target type
12.34	Double	BigDecimal
12.34f	Float	BigDecimal
42	Integer	BigDecimal
42L	Long	BigDecimal
'Europe/Warsaw'	String	ZoneId
'+01:00'	String	ZoneOffset
'09:00'	String	LocalTime
'2020-07-01'	String	LocalDate
'2020-07-01T'09:00'	String	LocalDateTime
'en_GB'	String	Locale
'ISO-8859-1'	String	Charset
'USD'	String	Currency
'bf3bb3e0-b359-4e18-95dd-1d89c7dc5135'	String	UUID

Usage example:

Expression	Input value	Input type	Target type
#DATE.now.atZone('Europe/Warsaw')	'Europe/Warsaw'	String	ZoneId
'' + 42	42	Integer	String

More usage examples can be found in this section.

Explicit conversions

Explicit conversions are available in utility classes and build-in java conversion mechanisms:

Expression	Result	Type
#NUMERIC.toNumber('42')	42	Number
#NUMERIC.toNumber('42').toString()	'42'	String
#DATE_FORMAT.parseOffsetDateTime('2018-10-23T12:12:13+00:00')	1540296720000	OffsetDateTime
#DATE_FORMAT.parseLocalDateTime('2018-10-23T12:12:13')	2018-10-23T12:12:13+00:00	LocalDateTime

Casting

When a type cannot be determined by parser, the type is presented as Unknown. When we know what the type will be on runtime, we can cast a given type, and then we can operate on the cast type.

E.g. having a variable obj of a type: List[Unknown] and we know the elements are strings then we can cast elements to String: #obj.![#this.castToOrNull('String')].

Available methods:

• canCastTo - checks if a type can be cast to a given class.
• castTo - casts a type to a given class or throws exception if type cannot be cast.
• castToOrNull - casts a type to a given class or return null if type cannot be cast.

Built-in helpers

Nussknacker comes with the following helpers:

Helper	Functions
COLLECTION	Operations on collections
CONV	General conversion functions
DATE	Date operations (conversions, useful helpers)
DATE_FORMAT	Date formatting/parsing operations
GEO	Simple distance measurements
NUMERIC	Number parsing
RANDOM	Random value generators
UTIL	Various utilities (e.g. identifier generation)
BASE64	Encoding & decoding Base64

Handling date/time.

Date/time data types

Formats of date/time are pretty complex - especially in Java. There are basically three ways of storing date:

• as timestamp - absolute value, number of milliseconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00 UTC. In Nussknacker this is usually seen as Instant or Long. This format is handy for storing/sending values, a bit problematic when it comes to computations like adding a month or extracting date.
• as date/time without timezone information (this is usually handy if your system is in one timezone). Converting to timestamp is done using Nussknacker server timezone. In Nussknacker they are usually represented as LocalDate and LocalDateTime. Suitable for date computations like adding a month or extracting date.
• as date/time with stored timezone. In Nussknacker usually seen as ZonedDateTime. Suitable for date computations like adding a month or extracting date. You need to know TimeZone ID, if you want you use date/time with stored timezone. A full list of TimeZone IDs can be found here.
• as date/time with stored time offset. In Nussknacker usually seen as OffsetDateTime. Contrary to ZonedDateTime doesn't handle daylight saving time. Quite often used to hold timestamp with additional information showing what was the local date/time from "user perspective"

Conversions between date/time types

Conversions of different types of dates are handled either by

• #DATE helper methods e.g.:
  • #DATE.toEpochMilli(#zonedDate)
  • #DATE.toInstant(#long) - converts long value to Instant
• methods on some types of objects, e.g.
  • #instantObj.toEpochMilli - returns timestamp for #instantObj of type Instant
  • #localDate.atStartOfDay() - returns LocalDateTime at midnight for #localDate of type LocalDate
  • #localDateTime.toLocalDate - truncates to date for #localDateTime of type LocalDateTime
  • #zonedDate.toInstant - converts ZonedDateTime to Instant
  • #instant.atZone('Europe/Paris') - converts ZonedDateTime to Instant
  • #instant.atOffset('+01:00') - converts OffsetDateTime to Instant
• automatically by implicit conversion mechanism e.g.
  • #instant.atZone('Europe/Paris') - Europe/Paris String was automatically converted to ZonedId
  • #instant.atOffset('+01:00') - +01:00 String was automatically converted to ZonedId
  • #time.isAfter('09:00') - 09:00 String was automatically converted to LocalTime
  • #date.isBefore('2020-07-01') - 2020-07-01 String was automatically converted to LocalDate
  • #dateTime.isAfter('2020-05-01T11:00:00') - 2020-05-01T11:00:00 String was automatically converted to LocalDateTime

Date/time utility methods

DATE helper contains also some other useful helper methods, mainly for date range checks and computations of periods and durations e.g.:

• #DATE.isBetween(#localTime, '09:00', '17:00') - checks if LocalTime is in (inclusive) range <09:00, 17:00>
• #DATE.isBetween(#dayOfWeek, #DATE.MONDAY, #DATE.FRIDAY) - checks if DayOfWeek is in (inclusive) range <MONDAY, FRIDAY>
• #DATE.isBetween(#localDate, '2020-06-01', '2020-07-01') - checks if LocalDate is in (inclusive) range <2020-06-01, 2020-07-01>
• #DATE.isBetween(#localDateTime, '2020-06-01T11:00:00', '2020-07-01T11:00:00') - checks if LocalDateTime is in (inclusive) range <2020-06-01T11:00:00, 2020-07-01T11:00:00>
• #DATE.periodBetween(#from, #to).getMonths - computes Period between from and to and return number of full months between those two dates
• #DATE.durationBetween(#from, #to).toDays - computes Duration between from and to and return number of full days between those two dates. Keep in mind that Duration is not daylight saving time aware - it computes seconds difference and divide it by number of seconds in given period.
• In case of days it will be 86400 seconds.

Some useful constants are also available:

• #DATE.MONDAY, #DATE.TUESDAY, ... - day of weeks
• #DATE.JANUARY, #DATE.FEBRUARY, ... - months
• #DATE.zuluTimeZone - Zulu timezone which always has time zone offset equals to UTC
• #DATE.UTCOffset - UTC offset
• #DATE.defaultTimeZone - Default time zone for Nussknacker application

Parsing of date/time

Also, #DATE_FORMAT helper methods can be used to parse or format certain data type from/to the String. It is not recommended to use parsing in scenarios because it will obfuscate logic. Better way is to configure properly message schema. But sometimes it is the only way to handle it. Available helpers:

• #DATE_FORMAT.parseOffsetDateTime('2020-01-01T11:12:13+01:00') - parse OffsetDateTime in ISO-8601 format
• #DATE_FORMAT.parseOffsetDateTime('2020-01-01T11:12:13+01:00', 'yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ssXXX') - parse OffsetDateTime in given DateTimeFormatter format
• #DATE_FORMAT.parseOffsetDateTime('2020-01-01T11:12:13+01:00', #dateTimeFormatter) - parse OffsetDateTime using given DateTimeFormatter

Equivalent variants of parse methods are available also for other date/time types: LocalTime, LocalDate, LocalDateTime, Instant and ZonedDateTime.

Formatting of date/time

To format date/time can be used #DATE_FORMAT.format(#dateTime) method which accept various date/time types and formats it in ISO-8601 format. Also DateTimeFormatter can be used directly via e.g. #DATE_FORMAT.formatter('EEEE').format(#date). Other formatter factory methods:

• #DATE_FORMAT.formatter('EEEE', 'PL') - creates DateTimeFormatter using given pattern (EEEE) and locale (PL)
• #DATE_FORMAT.lenientFormatter('yyyy-MM-dd') - creates lenient version of DateTimeFormatter using given pattern. Lenient parser may use heuristics to interpret inputs that do not precisely match format e.g. format E will accept: mon, Mon and MONDAY inputs. On the other hand, formatter created using #DATE_FORMAT.formatter() method will accept only Mon input.
• #DATE_FORMAT.lenientFormatter('yyyy-MM-dd EEEE', 'PL') - creates lenient version DateTimeFormatter using given pattern and locale

For full list of available format options take a look at DateTimeFormatter api docs.